Keywords
PTSD
scoping review
psychotherapy
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs as triggered or exposure to traumatic events. Psychotherapies have been proven to be effective and superior for people with PTSD. Several psychotherapies have been developed with different approaches. Yet the application of psychotherapy is rarely found and provided by professionals to those who need it in Indonesia.
Purpose: This study aimed to figure out the application of PTSD psychotherapies for people with PTSD based on studies conducted in Indonesia.
Methods: The review was reported following the PRISMA statement for scoping reviews. A systematic screening was performed in CINAHL, Cochrane library, Embase, Portal Garuda, PubMed, Scopus, as well as manual searches without language and date restrictions. The quality of the study was determined based on the risk of bias. Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 (RoB 2.0) and MINORS were used to evaluate the risk of bias of RCT and quasi-experimental studies, respectively.
Results: Five RCTs and four quasi-experimental studies published from 2008 to 2022 (n=465) were employed in this review. Three types of therapies were conducted for people with PTSD; five CBT studies, two EMDR studies, and two SHAT studies, performed in one day up to six weeks, one to 15 sessions, and 30 to 60 minutes for each session. All studies evaluated PTSD as the primary outcome, while the most measured secondary outcomes were depression and anxiety symptoms.
Conclusions: CBT was the most frequent therapy for Indonesian people with PTSD, followed by EMDR and SHAT. The application of therapies varied in frequency, duration, length of therapy, and component. Further research on the implementation of various types of psychotherapy for people with PTSD will be required.
References
APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
APA. (2017a). Clinical practice guideline for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. In. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline: American Psychological Association
APA. (2017b). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Retrieved January, 9th from https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments/cognitive-behavioral-therapy
Armenta, R. F., Rush, T., LeardMann, C. A., Millegan, J., Cooper, A., Hoge, C. W., & Millennium Cohort Study, t. (2018). Factors associated with persistent posttraumatic stress disorder among U.S. military service members and veterans. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1590-5
Aurizki, G. E., Efendi, F., & Indarwati, R. (2019). Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural disaster among Indonesian elderly. Working with Older People, 24(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/wwop-08-2019-0020
Coventry, P. A., Meader, N., Melton, H., Temple, M., Dale, H., Wright, K., Cloitre, M., Karatzias, T., Bisson, J., Roberts, N. P., Brown, J. V. E., Barbui, C., Churchill, R., Lovell, K., McMillan, D., & Gilbody, S. (2020). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 17(8), e1003262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003262
Dawson, K., Joscelyne, A., Meijer, C., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Bryant, R. (2017). A controlled trial of trauma-focused therapy versus problem-solving in Islamic children affected by civil conflict and disaster in Aceh, Indonesia. Australian & New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 52(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417714333
Downs, L., Rahmadian, A., Noviawati, E., Vakil, G., Hendriani, S., Masril, & Kim, D. (2017). A DSM Comparative study of PTSD Incidence in Indonesia. Advances in Social Science Research Journal, 4(12), 200-212. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.412.3414
Efendi, F., Indarwati, R., & Aurizki, G. E. (2020). Effect of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy on depression and the quality of life of the elderly in Indonesia. Working with Older People, 24(3), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-02-2020-0004
Fenn, K., & Byrne, M. (2013). The key principles of cognitive behavioural therapy. InnovAiT, 6(9), 579-585. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755738012471029
Flannery, R. B. (2001). The employee victim of violence: Recognizing the impect of untreated psychological trauma. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®, 16(4), 230-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/153331750101600406
Flory, J. D., & Yehuda, R. (2015). Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Alternative explanations and treatment considerations. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 17(2), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.2/jflory
Fox, V., Dalman, C., Dal, H., Hollander, A. C., Kirkbride, J. B., & Pitman, A. (2021). Suicide risk in people with post-traumatic stress disorder: A cohort study of 3.1 million people in Sweden. Journal of affective disorders, 279, 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.009
Hase, M. (2021). The Structure of EMDR therapy: A guide for the therapist. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 660753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660753
Higgins, J. P. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ, 355, i4919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919
Higgins, J., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M., & (editor), W. V. (2022). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3 cochrane.
Irwanto, Faisal, & Zulfa, H. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder among indonesian children 5 years after the tsunami. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 46(5), 918-923.
Kliem, S., & Kröger, C. (2013). Prevention of chronic PTSD with early cognitive behavioral therapy: a meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(11), 753-761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.08.005
Koenen, K. C., Ratanatharathorn, A., Ng, L., McLaughlin, K. A., Bromet, E. J., Stein, D. J., Karam, E. G., Meron Ruscio, A., Benjet, C., Scott, K., Atwoli, L., Petukhova, M., Lim, C. C. W., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., Ciutan, M., de Girolamo, G., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med, 47(13), 2260-2274. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000708
Lesmana, C. B., Suryani, L. K., Jensen, G. D., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2009). A spiritual-hypnosis assisted treatment of children with PTSD after the 2002 Bali terrorist attack. Am J Clin Hypn, 52(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2009.10401689
Lesmana, C. B. J., Suryani, L. K., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2022). The biobehavioural effectiveness of spiritual-hypnosis-assisted therapy in PTSD with childhood trauma. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, 58(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-022-00475-9
Marthoenis, M., Ilyas, A., Sofyan, H., & Schouler-Ocak, M. (2019). Prevalence, comorbidity and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety in adolescents following an earthquake. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 154-159. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.030
Mavranezouli, I., Megnin-Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Welton, N. J., Stockton, S., Bhutani, G., Grey, N., Leach, J., Greenberg, N., Katona, C., El-Leithy, S., & Pilling, S. (2020a). Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 50(4), 542-555. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720000070
Mavranezouli, I., Megninâ€Viggars, O., Daly, C., Dias, S., Stockton, S., Meiserâ€Stedman, R., Trickey, D., & Pilling, S. (2020b). Research review: psychological and psychosocial treatments for children and young people with postâ€traumatic stress disorder: a network metaâ€analysis. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 61(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13094
Merz, J., Schwarzer, G., & Gerger, H. (2019). Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and combination treatments in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(9), 904-913. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0951
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022, May, 2022). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved November 7th from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd
Slim, K., Nini, E., Forestier, D., Kwiatkowski, F., Panis, Y., Chipponi, J. (2003). Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg 73 (9), 712-716. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x
Perangin-Angin, S., Wijono, S., & Hunga, A. I. R. (2021). Applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to help survivors of dating violence: a pilot study. Jurnal Psikologi, 48(1), 41. http://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.56023
Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implementation, 13(3), 141-146. http://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050
Priebe, S., Matanov, A., Janković Gavrilović, J., McCrone, P., Ljubotina, D., Knežević, G., ... & Schützwoh, M. (2009). Consequences of untreated posttraumatic stress disorder following war in former Yugoslavia: morbidity, subjective quality of life, and care costs. Croatian medical journal, 50(5), 465-475. http://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2009.50.465
Rahmania, A., & Moordiningsih. (2012). Pengaruh eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) dengan teknik stabilisasi untuk menurunkan posttraumatic stress disordder (PTSD). Jurnal intervensi psikologi, 4(2), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.20885/intervensipsikologi.vol4.iss2.art2
Saeed, S. A., & Gargano, S. P. (2022). Natural disasters and mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 34(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2022.2037524
Sarimin, D. S., & Tololiu, T. A. (2017). Effectivenes of cognitive behavior therapy in comparison to CBT-Plus play therapy among children with post-traumatic stress disorder in manado, Indonesia. International journal of research in medical sciences, 1589-1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171270
Shapiro, F. (1989). Eye movement desensitization: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 20(3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(89)90025-6
Sijbrandij, M., Kunovski, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Effectiveness of internetâ€delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and metaâ€analysis. Depression and anxiety, 33(9), 783-791. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22533
Susanty, E., Sijbrandij, M., Srisayekti, W., Suparman, Y., & Huizink, A. C. (2022). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization for post-traumatic stress disorder in Indonesia: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol, 13, 845520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845520
TheJakartaPost. (2019). 3,622 natural disasters occured in 2019: BNPB. TheJakartaPost. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/18/3622-natural-disasters-occurred-in-2019-bnpb.html
Tol, W., Komproe, I., Susanty, D., Jordans, M., Macy, R., & De Jong, J. (2008). School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia. JAMA, 300(6), 655-662. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.6.655
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., ... & Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Annals of internal medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Yunitri, N., Chu, H., Kang, X. L., Wiratama, B. S., Lee, T. Y., Chang, L. F., ... & Chou, K. R. (2023). Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Psychological Medicine, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722003737
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ninik Yunitri, Christina Yeni Kustanti, Ns., M.Nur., M.Pall.C, Fauzi Ashra, M.Kep.,Ns, Slametiningsih, M.Kep., Sp.Kep.J, Nuraenah, M.Kep., Ns., Rani Septiawantari, M.Kep, Ns, Ns. Nurlia Ikaningtyas, M.Kep., Sp.Kep.MB, PhD.NS