Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Padjadjaran of Nursing Journal

Original

Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021): Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran

Fear of Covid-19 Related Factors among Females in Indonesia: An Online Survey

DOI
https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v9i3.1875
Submitted
November 4, 2021
Published
2021-12-29

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a highly infectious flu outbreak which spread rapidly around the world. COVID-19 outbreak caused panic and is predicted to increase the prevalence of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorder . Along with increased anxiety and decreased mood, increased fear has been detected. Purpose: To analyze the fear of COVID-19 related factors and measure the level of fear among women in Indonesia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 242 women who was implemented using the fear of COVID-19 instrument. A convenience sample was utilized and was recruited via an online WhatsApp through personal text to the potential respondents. The respondents stated their agreement to participate on the Google form before proceeding to fill in the data and answer the instrument items. The analysis was carried out to obtain the frequency distribution, mean and P-value. The mean score of each instrument item and the overall items were calculated and compared based on demographic data using t-test for two variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for three or more variables. Furthermore, the scores obtained were categorized into low and high fear levels based on the overall mean, where scores from 0-17 were categorized as low-level fear and 18-35 as high-level fear. Results: The results showed that 90.9% of the respondents were within the age range of 15-25 years, with the majority being students. Based on the results of statistical tests, it was discovered that question 3 (Q3) and question 4 (Q4) were the two items that affected the level of women’s fear to COVID-19. Furthermore, the results of statistical tests using ANOVA showed that occupation (P-Value of 0.01) and age (P-Value of 0.004) has a significant effect on the fear of COVID-19. In addition, based on the overall score calculation showed that 72.3% samples have high-level fear and 27.7% has low-level fear. Based on the results of this study, it was discovered that women’s age and occupation influence the level of fear to COVID-19. Conclusion: This study highlighted the significance of pandemic related fear and can inform the development of future women’s health studies.

Article Matrics
Abstract views : 313 times PDF Downloads: 203

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  2. Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E, & Rodríguez-Martin B. (2020). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction [revista en Internet] 2020 [acceso 11 de octubre de 2020]; (1): 1-9. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1, 1-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7292241/pdf/11469_2020_Article_343.pdf
  3. Conti, A., Clari, M., Arese, S., Bandini, B., Cavallaro, L., Mozzone, S., Vellone, E., Frigerio, S., & Campagna, S. (2020). Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale. Spinal Cord, 58(4), 496-503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-019-0384-z
  4. Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D. (2020). Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 113(5), 311-312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110
  5. Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi, J. R., Prasanna, J. S., & Mahajan, S. V. (2020). Assessing Coronavirus fear in Indian population using the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2383-2391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00332-x
  6. Dunn, P. K., Carey, M. D., Farrar, M. B., Richardson, A. M., & McDonald, C. (2017). Introductory statistics textbooks and the GAISE recommendations. American Statistician, 71(4), 326-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1251972
  7. Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Living in the midst of fear: Depressive symptomatology among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety, 37(10), 957-964. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23080
  8. Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355-357. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875
  9. Gausman, J., & Langer, A. (2020). Sex and gender disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Women’s Health, 29(4), 465-466. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8472
  10. Hastono, S. P. (2016). Analisa Data Bidang Kesehatan. Rajawali Pers.
  11. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  12. Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  13. Ifdil, I., Fadli, R. P., Suranata, K., Zola, N., & Ardi, Z. (2020). Online mental health services in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102153
  14. Labrague, L. J., & de los Santos, J. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168
  15. Lebel, S., Mutsaers, B., Tomei, C., Leclair, C. S., Jones, G., Petricone-Westwood, D., Rutkowski, N., Ta, V., Trudel, G., Laflamme, S. Z., Lavigne, A. A., & Dinkel, A. (2020). Health anxiety and illness-related fears across diverse chronic illnesses: A systematic review on conceptualization, measurement, prevalence, course, and correlates. In PLoS ONE 15,(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234124
  16. Lissek, S., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2006). The strong situation: A potential impediment to studying the psychobiology and pharmacology of anxiety disorders. Biological Psychology, 72(3), 265-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.11.004
  17. Maeng, L & Milad, M. (2015). Sex differences in anxiety disorders: interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones. Hormones and Behavior, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002.Sex
  18. Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
  19. Mikkola, R., Huhtala, H., & Paavilainen, E. (2017). Work-related fear and the threats of fear among emergency department nursing staff and physicians in Finland. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(19-20), 2953-2963. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13633
  20. Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
  21. Pan, L., Mu, M., Yang, P., Sun, Y., Wang, R., Yan, J., Li, P., Hu, B., Wang, J., Hu, C., Jin, Y., Niu, X., Ping, R., Du, Y., Li, T., Xu, G., Hu, Q., & Tu, L. (2020). Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: A descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 115(5), 766-773. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620
  22. Pang, N. T. P., Kamu, A., Hambali, N. L. B., Mun, H. C., Kassim, M. A., Mohamed, N. H., Ayu, F., Rahim, S. S. S. A., Omar, A., & Jeffree, M. S. (2020). Malay Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Validity and Reliability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00355-4
  23. Pieh, C., Budimir, S., & Probst, T. (2020). The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110186
  24. Rajkumar R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  25. Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
  26. Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Marco, A. Di, Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Lorenzo, G. Di. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. An N=18147 web-based survey. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20057802
  27. Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19, 1980-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  28. Tracy, M., Norris, F. H., & Galea, S. (2011). Differences in the determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a mass traumatic event. Depression and Anxiety, 28(8), 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20838
  29. Williamson, E. J., Walker, A. J., Bhaskaran, K., Bacon, S., Bates, C., Morton, C. E., Curtis, H. J., Mehrkar, A., Evans, D., Inglesby, P., Cockburn, J., McDonald, H. I., MacKenna, B., Tomlinson, L., Douglas, I. J., Rentsch, C. T., Mathur, R., Wong, A. Y. S., Grieve, R., … Goldacre, B. (2020). Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature, 584(7821), 430-436. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
  30. Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
  31. Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031