Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Padjadjaran of Nursing Journal

Original

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2021): Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran

Perceived Stigma, Psychological Response, and Nurse Coping In The Covid-19 Pandemic In Indonesia

DOI
https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v9i1.1561
Submitted
November 20, 2020
Published
2021-04-01

Abstract

Nurses are at the forefront of being directly involved in the care of Covid-19 patients. This can put nurses in a difficult position, especially if they had lack support from the surrounding environment. The society’s negative stigma towards nurses can trigger psychological problems for them. Good coping is needed to maintain the work performance of nurses. This study aims to identify the perceived stigma, psychological response, and coping of nurses involved in caring for Covid-19 patients in Indonesia. This research was a cross-sectional study based on an electronic survey. The number of respondents was 509 nurses who came from all regions in Indonesia on 11-20 April 2020. Respondents were nurses who handled Covid-19 patients directly. The data were collected using a modified questionnaire the Berger stigma scale, DASS and Brief of Cope with a total of 27 questions. The questionnaires used have been proven valid and reliable after being tested on 30 nurses treating Covid-19 patients with a Cronbach Alpha value as follows: modified Berger Stigma Scale 0.952; modified DASS 0.928; and modified Brief of Cope 0.753. Most respondents were 26-35 years old (52.1%), female (61.5%), and worked in government-owned hospitals (48.3%). 231 respondents were stigmatized (45.4%), 274 respondents were depressed (46.2%) and 209 respondents experienced stress (41.1%). The majority of respondents chose problem focused coping (65.8%). This study shows that some respondents feel they were stigmatized by society, but they have good coping (problem focused coping) to reduce their mental burden. Negative stigma against nurses is often difficult to avoid. Support from family and colleagues was something that can ease the mental burden of nurses. Support from the government was needed to educate the public so that it does not give negative stigma to nurses and other health workers.

Article Matrics
Abstract views : 485 times PDF Downloads: 337

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Bagcchi, S. (2020, July). Stigma during the Covid-19 pandemic. Lancet. September 21, 2020, from https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(20)30498-9.pdf
  2. Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518-529. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10011.
  3. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.
  4. Chang, E. M. L., Bidewell, J. W., Huntington, A. D., Daly, J., Johnson, A., Wilson, H., Lambert, V. A., & Lambert, C. E. (2007). A survey of role stress, coping and health in Australian and New Zealand hospital nurses. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(8), 1354-1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.06.003.
  5. Chew, N. W. S., Lee, G. K. H., Tan, B. Y. Q., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Ngiam, N. J. H., Yeo, L. L. L., Ahmad, A., Ahmed Khan, F., Napolean Shanmugam, G., Sharma, A. K., Komalkumar, R. N., Meenakshi, P. V., Shah, K., Patel, B., Chan, B. P. L., Sunny, S., Chandra, B., Ong, J. J. Y., … Sharma, V. K. (2020). A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during Covid-19 outbreak. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88(April), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049.
  6. Elvina, L. (2020, April 10). Viral! Jenazah Perawat yang Terjangkit Corona di Semarang Ditolak Warga. (Viral! A nurse corpse contracted with Coronavirus in Semarang was rejected by residents). Kompas.TV. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.kompas.tv/article/75553/viral-jenazah-perawat-di-semarang-ditolak-warga.
  7. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma; Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall.
  8. He, X., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., Deng, X., Wang, J., Hao, X., Lau, Y. C., Wong, J. Y., Guan, Y., Tan, X., Mo, X., Chen, Y., Liao, B., Chen, W., Hu, F., Zhang, Q., Zhong, M., Wu, Y., Zhao, L., … Leung, G. M. (2020). Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of Covid-19. Nature Medicine, 26(5), 672-675. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5.
  9. Huang, L., Lei, W., Xu, F., Liu, H., & Yu, L. (2020). Emotional responses and coping strategies in nurses and nursing students during Covid-19 outbreak: A comparative study. PLoS One, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237303.
  10. Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., & Liu, Z. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X.
  11. Koh, D., Lim, M. K., Chia, S. E., Ko, S. M., Qian, F., Ng, V., Tan, B. H., Wong, K. S., Chew, W. M., Tang, H. K., Ng, W., Muttakin, Z., Emmanuel, S., Fong, N. P., Koh, G., Kwa, C. T., Tan, K. B.-C., & Fones, C. (2005). Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore. Medical Care, 43(7), 676-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc.
  12. Labrague, L. J., & Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVIDâ€19 anxiety among frontâ€line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, jonm 8, 1653-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121.
  13. Lazarus, Richard, & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraissal, and Coping. Springer Pub. Co.
  14. Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K. S. M., Lau, E. H. Y., Wong, J. Y., Xing, X., Xiang, N., Wu, Y., Li, C., Chen, Q., Li, D., Liu, T., Zhao, J., Liu, M., … Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
  15. Liu, Z., Han, B., Jiang, R., Huang, Y., Ma, C., Wen, J., Zhang, T., Wang, Y., Chen, H., & Ma, Y. (2020a). Mental Health Status of Doctors and Nurses During Covid-19 Epidemic in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551329
  16. Liu, Z., Han, B., Jiang, R., Huang, Y., Ma, C., Wen, J., Zhang, T., Wang, Y., Chen, H., & Ma, Y. (2020b). Mental Health Status of Doctors and Nurses During Covid-19 Epidemic in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551329
  17. Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., Qin, M., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against Covidâ€19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002-1009. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13014
  18. Ornell, F., Halpern, S. C., Kessler, F. H. P., & Narvaez, J. C. de M. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00063520
  19. Osman, A., Wong, J. L., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S., Gutierrez, P. M., & Lozano, G. (2012). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21): Further Examination of Dimensions, Scale Reliability, and Correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(12), 1322-1338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21908
  20. Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 4(5), 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20806028.
  21. Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
  22. Satgas Penanganan Covid-19. (2020). Peta Sebaran. (Task Force for Handling Covid-19. Distribution Map). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran
  23. Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and addressing sources of anxiety among health care professionals During the Covid-19 Pandemic. JAMA, 323(21), 2133. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5893
  24. Siordia, J. A. (2020). Epidemiology and clinical features of Covid-19: A review of current literature. Journal of Clinical Virology, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104357
  25. Somantri, I., & Yudianto, K. (2018). Quality of nurse work life in Pangandaran health center. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran Nursing Journal), 6(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v6i3.621
  26. Spielberger, C. D. (2010). State-trait anxiety inventory. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0943.
  27. Suyudi. (2020, April 27). 3 Perawat diusir dari kos, RS di Solo jemput pakai ambulans (3 nurses evicted from their kost, Solo Hospital picking them up using ambulance). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved Ausgust 24, 2020, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200427164601-20-497756/3-perawat-diusir-dari-kos-rs-di-solo-jemput-pakai-ambulans
  28. Teles, M. A., Barbosa, M., Vargas, A. M., Gomes, V., e Ferreira, E., Martins, A. M., & Ferreira, R. (2014). Psychosocial work conditions and quality of life among primary health care employees: a cross sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-72
  29. Uvais, N. A., Aziz, F., & Hafeeq, B. (2020). Covid-19-related stigma and perceived stress among dialysis staff. Journal of Nephrology, 0123456789, 19-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00833-x.
  30. Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Hammer, J. H., & Wade, N. G. (2013). Is stigma internalized? The longitudinal impact of public stigma on self-stigma. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 311-316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031889
  31. Wahyuningsih, I. S., Janitra, F. E., Hapsari, R., Sarinti, S., Mahfud, M., & Wibisono, F. (2020). The Nurses’ Experience during the Caring of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Patients: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v8i3.1559
  32. Worldometers info. (2020, February 29). Coronavirus Disease 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2020 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/feb-2020-news-updates-covid19/
  33. Zheng, R., Zhou, Y., Fu, Y., Xiang, Q., Cheng, F., Chen, H., Xu, H., Fu, L., Wu, X., Feng, M., Ye, L., Tian, Y., Deng, R., Liu, S., Jiang, Y., Yu, C., & Li, J. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among nurses during the outbreak of Covid-19 in China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 114, 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103809