Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
Padjadjaran of Nursing Journal

Review

Vol. 11 No. 1 (2023): Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran

Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Community Through Walking Intervention: Scoping Review

Submitted
December 13, 2022
Published
2023-04-27

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the world. The SDGs target reducing mortality through cost-effective prevention efforts. Physical activity, including walking, has been proven to prevent cardiovascular disease. Walking is an activity that is cheap, easy, simple, and does not need tools and skills, so it can be done in general by the community. However, the modern world makes people's walking activities low. There is a need to find evidence of walking interventions that can increase walking and prevent cardiovascular disease. Purpose: This scoping review aims to identify literature focusing on walking interventions that increase footsteps and reduce disease risk to prevent cardiovascular disease. Methods: Following the guidelines for the JBI scoping review methodology. Articles conducted searches on the Ebscho CINAHL, Academic, PubMed, and ProQuest databases from 2013 to 2021. The collected data were extracted in tabular and narrative form. Results: Thirteen articles met the criteria involving 2,910 people from eight countries. Eleven studies used a randomized controlled trial, and two used a quasi-experimental design. Conclusion: Walking interventions that support increased footsteps include: distance, duration per week (< 150 minutes or > 150 minutes), supervision, activities accompanied by socio-cultural activities, counselling, and motivation, in addition to the use of tools such as pedometers, accelerators, and smartwatch is used as a footstep monitor. Intervention in walking is beneficial in reducing cardiovascular diseases risk indicators such as blood pressure, BMI, blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. 

Article Matrics
Abstract views : 73 times PDF Downloads: 40

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. AHA. (2017). Why is Walking the Most Popular Form of Exercise? Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/walking/why-is-walking-the-most-popular-form-of-exercise
  2. Arija, V., Villalobos, F., Pedret, R., Vinuesa, A., Jovani, D., Pascual, G., & Basora, J. (2018). Physical Activity, Cardiovascular Health, Quality of Life and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Subjects: Clinical Trial. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 16(1), 184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-1008-6
  3. Arija, V., Villalobos, F., Pedret, R., Vinuesa, A., Timón, M., Basora, T., . . . Basora, J. (2017). Effectiveness of a Physical Activity Program on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adult Primary Health-Care Users: "Pas-a-Pas" Community Intervention Trial. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 576. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4485-3
  4. Barton, J., Hine, R., & Pretty, J. (2009). The Health Benefits of Walking in Greenspaces of High Natural and Heritage Value. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 6(4), 261-278.
  5. Bell, E. J., Lutsey, P. L., Windham, B. G., & Folsom, A. R. (2013). Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans in Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5), 901-907. doi: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827d87ec
  6. Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., . . . Das, S. R. (2019). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2019 Update and Report From The American Heart Association. Circulation.
  7. Brannan, M., Varney, J., Timpson, C., Murphy, M., & Foster, C. (2017). Minutes Brisk Walking Each Day in Mid-Life for Health Benefits and Achievement of Recommended Activity Levels-Evidence Summary. Public Health England, London.
  8. Brustio, P. R., ⨯ Paolo, M., Marasso, D., Alossa, D., Miglio, F., Mulasso, A., . . ., Gennaro, B. (2018). Participation in a School-Based Walking Intervention Changes the Motivation to Undertake Physical Activity in Middle-School Students. PLoS One, 13(9). doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204098
  9. Bubnis, D. (2019). Why Walking is One of the Best Cardio Workouts. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/exercise-fitness/is-walking-cardio#tips-for-getting-started
  10. Chen, C. K., Ismail, N. S., & Al-Safi, A. A. (2016). Effects of Brisk Walking and Resistance Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition, and Lipid Profiles Among Overweight and Obese Individuals. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(3), 957.
  11. Chiang, T. L., Chen, C., Hsu, C. H., Lin, Y. C., & Wu, H. J. (2019). Is The Goal of 12,000 Steps Per Day Sufficient for Improving Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome? The Necessity of Combining Exercise Intensity: a Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7554-y
  12. Chomistek, A. K., Cook, N. R., Rimm, E. B., Ridker, P. M., Buring, J. E., & Lee, I. M. (2018). Physical Activity and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Is the Relation Modified by Level of Global Cardiovascular Risk? J Am Heart Assoc, 7(12). doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.117.008234
  13. Cooper, K., & Hancock, C. (2012). The Benefits of Regular Walking for Health, Well-Being and The Environment. C3 Collaborating for Health.
  14. Ferguson, B. (2014). Acsm’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 9th Ed. 2014. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 58(3), 328.
  15. Hall, K. S., Hyde, E. T., Bassett, D. R., Carlson, S. A., Carnethon, M. R., Ekelund, U., . . . Lee, I.-M. (2020). Systematic Review of The Prospective Association of Daily Step Counts With Risk of Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Dysglycemia. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1-14.
  16. Hanson, S., & Jones, A. (2015). Is There Evidence that Walking Groups Have Health Benefits? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Sports Med, 49(11), 710-715. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094157
  17. Harris, T., Kerry, S. M., Victor, C. R., Ekelund, U., Woodcock, A., Iliffe, S., . . . Limb, E. S. (2015). A Primary Care Nurse-Delivered Walking Intervention in Older Adults: PACE (Pedometer Accelerometer Consultation Evaluation) - Lift Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS Med, 12(2), e1001783.
  18. He, L. I., Wei, W. R., & Can, Z. (2018). Effects of 12-week brisk walking training on exercise blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension: a pilot study. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y.: 1993), 40(7), 673–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641963.2018.1425416
  19. IHME, I. f. H. M. a. E. (2020). JACC: Cardiovascular Disease Burden, Deaths Are Rising Around the World. Retrieved from: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/12/09/14/50/cv-disease-burden-deaths-rising-around-the-world
  20. JN, M. (1997). Hardman AE: Walking to health. Br J Sports Med, 31(4), 277-284.
  21. Jong-Hwan, P., Masashi, M., Masaki, T., Noriaki, K., Harumi, H., Hyun-Shik, K., . . . Yoshio, N. (2014). Low-Volume Walking Program Improves Cardiovascular-Related Health in Older Adults. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(3), 624-631.
  22. Kassavou, A., Turner, A., & French, D. P. (2013). Do Interventions to Promote Walking in Groups Increase Physical Activity? A Meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 1-12.
  23. Lanier, J. B., Bury, D. C., & Richardson, S. W. (2016). Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Am Fam Physician, 93(11), 919-924.
  24. Lavie, C. J., Ozemek, C., & Kachur, S. (2019). Promoting Physical Activity in Primary And Secondary Prevention. European Heart Journal.
  25. Lear, S. A., Hu, W., Rangarajan, S., Gasevic, D., Leong, D., Iqbal, R., . . . Yusuf, S. (2017). The Effect of Physical Activity on Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in 130 000 People From 17 High-Income, Middle-Income, and Low-Income Countries: PURE study. Lancet, 390(10113), 2643-2654. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31634-3
  26. Lee, H., Cho, S., Wilbur, J., Kim, J., Park, C. G., Lee, Y. M., & Lee, H. (2017). Effects of Culturally Adaptive Walking Intervention on Cardiovascular Disease Risks for Middle-Aged Korean-Chinese Female Migrant Workers. Arch Environ Occup Health, 72(6), 317-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2017.1282847
  27. Lee, I. M., & Buchner, D. M. (2008). The Importance of Walking to Public Health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(7), S512-S518.
  28. Lee, P. H., Chuang, Y.-H., Chen, S.-R., Fang, C.-L., Lai, H.-R., & Lee, P.-I. (2017). Perspectives of Brisk Walking Among Middle-Aged and Older Persons in Community: A Qualitative Study. Collegian, 24(2), 147-153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.11.001
  29. Lee, T. S., Hung, C. C., Lin, C. K., & Chiang, H. H. (2019). Controlled Randomized Trial of Walking Exercise with Positive Education on Cardiovascular Fitness and Happiness in Retired Older Adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int, 19(9), 879-884. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13733
  30. Levy, S. R. (2018). Toward Reducing Ageism: PEACE (Positive Education About Aging and Contact Experiences) Model. The Gerontologist, 58(2), 226-232.
  31. Melo, P., & Alves, O. (2019). Community Empowerment and Community Partnerships in Nursing Decision-making. Paper presented at the Healthcare.
  32. Mengyu, F., Jun, L., Canqing, Y., Yu, G., Zheng, B., Songchun, Y., . . . Bian, Z. (2019). Association Between Active Commuting and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases in Chinese: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc, 8(20), 1-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012556
  33. Kemenkes RI. (2018). Kegemukan dan Minimnya Tingkat Jalan Kaki Orang Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.p2ptm.kemkes.go.id/artikel-ilmiah/kegemukan-dan-minimnya-tingkat-jalan-kaki-orang-indonesia
  34. Minneboo, M., Lachman, S., Snaterse, M., Jørstad, H. T., Ter Riet, G., Boekholdt, S. M., . . . Peters, R. J. G. (2017). Community-Based Lifestyle Intervention in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: The RESPONSE-2 Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 70(3), 318-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.041
  35. Murtagh, E. M., Nichols, L., Mohammed, M. A., Holder, R., Nevill, A. M., & Murphy, M. H. (2015). The Effect of Walking on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Control Trials. Preventive medicine, 72, 34-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.041
  36. Ogilvie, D., Foster, C. E., Rothnie, H., Cavill, N., Hamilton, V., Fitzsimons, C. F., & Mutrie, N. (2007). Interventions to Promote Walking: Systematic Review. Bmj, 334(7605), 1204.
  37. Ohta, Y., Kawano, Y., Minami, J., Iwashima, Y., Hayashi, S., Yoshihara, F., & Nakamura, S. (2015). Effects of daily walking on office, home and 24-h blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993), 37(5), 433–437. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2015.1013115.
  38. PERKI, P. D. s. K. I. (2019). Hari Jantung Sedunia (World Heart Day): Your Heart is Our Heart Too [Press release]
  39. Picorelli, A. M. A., Pereira, L. S. M., Pereira, D. S., Felício, D., & Sherrington, C. (2014). Adherence to Exercise Programs for Older People is Influenced by Program Characteristics and Personal Factors: A Systematic Review. Journal of physiotherapy, 60(3), 151-156.
  40. Rodriguez-Hernandez, M., & Wadsworth, D. (2019). The Effect of 2 Walking Programs on Aerobic Fitness, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in Sedentary Office Employees. PloS one, 14(1), e0210447.
  41. Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., Mentz, G. B., Bernal, C., Caver, D., DeMajo, R., . . . Woods, S. (2015). Effectiveness of a Walking Group Intervention to Promote Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health in Predominantly Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Urban Neighborhoods: Findings From the Walk Your Heart to Health Intervention. Health Educ Behav, 42(3), 380-392. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198114560015
  42. Soroush, A., Der Ananian, C., Ainsworth, B. E., Belyea, M., Poortvliet, E., Swan, P. D., . . . Yngve, A. (2013). Effects of a 6-Month Walking Study on Blood Pressure and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US and Swedish Adults: Asuki Step Study. Asian journal of sports medicine, 4(2), 114.
  43. Sousa Jr, A. E., Macêdo, G. A. D., Schwade, D., Sócrates, J., Alves, J. W., Farias-Junior, L. F., . . . Costa, E. C. (2020). Physical Activity Counseling for Adults with Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(17). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176076
  44. Wai, J. P.-M., Wen, C. P., Chan, H.-T., Chiang, P.-H., Tsai, M.-K., Tsai, S.-P., & Chang, H.-Y. (2008). Assessing Physical Activity In An Asian Country: Low Energy Expenditure And Exercise Frequency Among Adults in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17(2), 297-308.
  45. Wen, C. P., Wai, J. P. M., Tsai, M. K., Yang, Y. C., Cheng, T. Y. D., Lee, M.-C., . . . Wu, X. (2011). Minimum Amount of Physical Activity for Reduced Mortality and Extended Life Expectancy: A Prospective Cohort Study. The lancet, 378(9798), 1244-1253.
  46. WHO. (2017). Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
  47. WHO. (2018). WHO Launches Global Action Plan on Physical Activity? Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/04-06-2018-who-launches-global-action-plan-on-physical-activity
  48. World Health Organisation. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health: recommended levels of physical activity for adults aged 18–64 years: Prieiga per internetą: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010
  49. Yaacob, L. H., & Azidah, A. (2018). Pedometer-Based Walking Intervention with and Without Group Support Among Sedentary Adults in Primary Care Patients in North-East Malaysia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 17(1), 52-57.
  50. Yu, Y., Lv, Y., Yao, B., Duan, L., Zhang, X., Xie, L., & Chang, C. (2018). A Novel Prescription Pedometer-Assisted Walking Intervention and Weight Management for Chinese Occupational Population. PLoS One, 13(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190848
  51. Zaccardi, F., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K., & Yates, T. (2019). Comparative Relevance of Physical Fitness and Adiposity on Life Expectancy: A UK Biobank Observational Study. Mayo Clin Proc, 94(6), 985-994. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.029
  52. Zubala, A., MacGillivray, S., Frost, H., Kroll, T., Skelton, D. A., Gavine, A., . . . Morris, J. (2017). Promotion of Physical Activity Interventions for Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Reviews. PloS One, 12(7), e0180902.